Conducting decoded neurofeedback studies

Summary

Closed-loop neurofeedback has sparked great interest since its inception in the late 1960s. However, the field has　historically faced various methodological challenges. Decoded fMRI neurofeedback may provide solutions to some of these　problems. Notably, thanks to the recent advancements of machine learning approaches, it is now possible to target　unconscious occurrences of specific multivoxel representations. In this tools of the trade paper, we discuss how to　implement these interventions in rigorous double-blind placebo-controlled experiments. We aim to provide a step-by-step　guide to address some of the most common methodological and analytical considerations. We also discuss tools that can be　used to facilitate the implementation of new experiments.We hope that this will encourage more researchers to try out this　powerful new intervention method.

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